Historian: A Large-Scale Historical Film Dataset With Cinematographic Annotation

Transform coding to sparsify signal representations remains crucial in an image compression pipeline. While the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) computed from an empirical covariance matrix $\bar{\C}$ is theoretically optimal for a stationary process, in practice collecting sufficient statistics from a non-stationary image to reliably estimate $\bar{\C}$ can be difficult. in this paper, to encode an intra-prediction residual block, we pursue a hybrid model-based / data-driven approach: the first $K$ eigenvectors of a transform matrix are derived from a statistical model, e.g., the asymmetric discrete sine transform (ADST), for stability, while the remaining $N-K$ are computed from $\bar{\C}$ for performance. The transform computation is posed as a graph learning problem, where we seek a graph Laplacian matrix minimizing a graphical lasso objective inside a convex cone sharing the first $K$ eigenvectors in a Hilbert space of real symmetric matrices. We efficiently solve the problem via augmented Lagrangian relaxation and proximal gradient (PG). Using WebP as a baseline image codec, experimental results show that our hybrid graph transform achieved better energy compaction than default discrete cosine transform (DCT) and better stability than KLT.